Similarly, the building may sway several centimeters in the wind, while a spoon will experience unnoticeable displacement in the strongest gale.Д«ut if they are made of the same material, the material should have constant mechanical properties. A building can withstand much more force than a spoon simply because the building is bigger. That means they are related to the amount of material you have.

However, force and displacement are extrinsic properties. Since deformation is the way a material moves in response to a force, force and displacement will be essential in defining most mechanical properties. The formation of a necked region or mild notch introduces triaxial stresses, which make it difficult to determine accurately the longitudinal tensile stress on out to fracture.Most mechanical properties relate to deformation in some way. (1).ДЇrequently the flow curve is linear from maximum load to fracture, while in other cases its slope continuously decreases up to fracture. (4) farД®xceed the engineering strain calculated from Eq. However, beyond maximum load the high-localized strains in the necked region that are used in Eq. (1) and (3), the true-stress-true-strain curve is always to the left of the engineering curve until the maximum load is reached. Note that because of the relatively large plastic strains, the elastic region has been compressed into the y-axis. Beyond maximum load the true strain should be based on actual area or diameter measurements.ДЇigure 1 compares the true-stress-true-strain curve with its corresponding engineering stress-strain curve. This equation is applicable only to the onset of necking for the reasons discussed above. Comparison of engineering and true stress-strain curves The true strain e may be determined from the engineering or conventional strain e byДЇigure 2. Beyond maximum load the true stress should be determined from actual measurements of load and cross-sectional area.

(1) should only be used until the onset of necking. (1) assumes both constancy of volume and a homogenous distribution of strain along the gage length of the tension specimen. The true stress s is expressed in terms of engineering stress s by

Thus, if the load is removed at this point and then reapplied, the material will behave elastically throughout the entire range of reloading. This is also known as a flow curve since it represents the basic plastic-flow characteristics of the material.ДЄny point on the flow curve can be considered the yield stress for a metal strained in tension by the amount shown on the curve. If the strain measurement is also based on instantaneous measurements, the curve, which is obtained, is known as a true-stress-true-strain curve. If the true stress, based on theДЄctual cross-sectional area of the specimen, is used, it is found that the stress-strain curve increases continuously up to fracture. Figure 1 shows the true stress-strain curves in tension at room temperature for various metals.ДЇigure 1: True stress-strain curves in tension at room temperature for various metalsДЄctually, the metal continues to strain-harden all the way up to fracture, so that the stress required to produce further deformation should also increase. The average stress based on original area likewise decreases, and this produces the fall-off in the stress-strain curve beyond the point of Tension becomes unstable and necks down during the course of the test.Д«ecause the cross-sectional area of the specimen is decreasing rapidly at this stage in the test, the load required continuing deformation falls off. The engineering stress-strain curve does not give a true indication of the deformation characteristics of a metal because it is based entirely on the original dimensions of the specimen, and these dimensions change continuously during the test.

Engineering stress vs true stress pdf